REFERENCE: Clause 17-2 - The Economic Engaged Neutrality (Part II)

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The following references are associated with The CURD Plan: » The Plan » Point 17: The Engaged Neutrality » Clause 17-2: The Economic Engaged Neutrality

NARRATIVE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU) is an economic union of five post-Soviet states located in Eurasia. The EAEU has an integrated single market. As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a gross domestic product of over $2.4 trillion.

 

The Western Ascent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations

The EU and Ukraine have been seeking an increasingly close relationship, going beyond co-operation, to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation. On 23 June 2022, the European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_forces_of_the_European_Union

This article outlines the defence forces of the European Union (EU), which implement the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in CSDP missions.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area

The Schengen Area is an area comprising 27 European countries that have officially abolished passports and many other types of border control at their mutual borders.

 

https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-oligarch-index-up-down-volodymyr-zelenskyy-vladimir-putin-war/

Viktor Medvedchuk, worth $620 million before the war, was the most influential pro-Russian oligarch in Ukraine; Russian President Vladimir Putin is reportedly his daughter’s godfather.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant

The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station (Ukrainian: ?????????? ?????? ??????????????, romanized: Zaporiz'ka atomna elektrostantsiia) in southeastern Ukraine is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe and among the 10 largest in the world. It has been under Russian occupation since 2022. It was built by the Soviet Union near the city of Enerhodar, on the southern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper river. It is operated by Energoatom, who operate Ukraine's other three nuclear power stations.

 

https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/chernobyl

Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant in Ukraine that was the site of a disastrous nuclear accident on April 26, 1986. A routine test at the power plant went horribly wrong, and two massive explosions blew the 1,000-ton roof off one of the plant’s reactors, releasing 400 times more radiation than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine#2000_to_2014

In Q1 2019, China became Ukraine's largest trading partner, replacing Russia.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity#Economic

In May 2014, the International Monetary Fund disbursed US$3.2 billion to stabilise Ukraine. The European Union required Ukraine to secure this aid package from the IMF in order to obtain about 1.6 billion euros pledged under the recently signed Ukraine-EU Association Agreement.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine#Post-Euromaidan:_2014_to_present

$2.526 billion entered the Ukrainian economy via remittances in 2015, 34.9% less than in 2014. $431 million was sent from Ukraine to elsewhere using remittances. In January 2016, Bloomberg rated Ukraine's economy as the 41st most innovative in the world, down from 33rd in January 2015.

 

https://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-facts/what-is-article-49/

Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union sets out the procedure for countries to join the EU. It is the opposite of Article 50, which the UK went through when it left the EU. Article 49 sets out that prospective member states must be committed to promoting EU values and meet the so-called ‘Copenhagen criteria’.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine#History

The modern period of Ukrainian corruption can be traced back to the integration of individuals linked to Soviet organised crime into the nomenklatura (Soviet, including Ukrainian, ruling elite) in the 1980s. After achieving independence, Ukraine has faced a period of rather violent corruption in the 1990s and early 2000s. United States diplomats described Ukraine under Presidents Kuchma (in office from 1994 to 2005) and Yushchenko (in office from 2005 to 2010) as a kleptocracy, according to United States diplomatic cables leak. Due to revenue from industry, tourism and the ports, this was particularly an issue in the Donetsk Oblast. In 2005, mass graves with businesspersons, judges, lawyers, and investigators were discovered in Donetsk.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union#2014%E2%80%932024

On 21 February 2019, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended to enshrine the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union and NATO in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Partnership

The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a joint initiative of the European Union, together with its member states, and six Eastern European countries. The EaP framework governs the EU's relationship with the post-Soviet states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The EaP is intended to provide a forum for discussions regarding trade, economic strategy, travel agreements, and other issues between the EU and its Eastern European neighbours. It also aims at building a common area of shared values of democracy, prosperity, stability, and increased cooperation.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Agreement_(DCFTA)

While work on signing a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement between Ukraine and the EU first began in 1999, formal negotiations between the Ukrainian government and the EU Trade Commissioner were not launched until 18 February 2008 ... Ratification of the DCFTA, like the AA, has been stalled by the EU concerns over the rule of law in Ukraine. This includes the application of selective justice, as well as amending electoral laws. As a result, the role of Ukrainian oligarchs in sanctioning the agreement was also questioned ... On 1 January 2016, the DCFTA entered into force.

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57251681

After years of talks, Switzerland has scrapped efforts aimed at agreeing an over-arching treaty with the EU. Switzerland is not in the European Union but has signed up to many of its policies, such as freedom of movement. The relationship is currently governed by more than 120 bilateral deals, and a failure to replace them with one framework deal could harm ties.

 

https://www.eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/european-union-and-switzerland_en?s=180

The European Union (EU) and Switzerland foster close relations in the fields of politics, trade and science, among others. Here you will find the key elements of this partnership: Political Relations, Economic Relations, Free Movement, Governance & Justice, Research and Innovation

 

The Eastern Descent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics

The Declaration on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a historical document which, together with the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, formed the constitutional basis for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a multinational state ... The draft declaration was endorsed on 29 December 1922, by a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution

The protests were prompted by reports from several domestic and foreign election monitors as well as the widespread public perception that the results of the run-off vote of 21 November 2004 between leading candidates Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych were rigged by the authorities in favour of the latter. The nationwide protests succeeded when the results of the original run-off were annulled, and a revote was ordered by Ukraine's Supreme Court for 26 December 2004. Under intense scrutiny by domestic and international observers, the second run-off was declared to be "free and fair". The final results showed a clear victory for Yushchenko, who received about 52% of the vote, compared to Yanukovych's 44%. Yushchenko was declared the official winner and with his inauguration on 23 January 2005 in Kyiv, the Orange Revolution ended.

 

https://www.newsweek.com/volodymyr-zelensky-decree-historical-lands-ukraine-russia-1862758

The Ukrainian leader said on Monday that he had signed a decree, "On the Territories of the Russian Federation Historically Inhabited by Ukrainians," which he said would see the "restoration of truth about the historical past" of Ukraine. The decree lists several regions of Russia as "historically inhabited by Ukrainians," including the border regions of Bryansk, Kursk and Belgorod, and Russia's southern Krasnodar region, from which Moscow has launched attacks on Ukraine and which is linked to the annexed Crimean peninsula via the key Kerch Bridge.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum

The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages. According to official Office for National Statistics data, net migration in 2015 was 333,000, which was the second highest level on record, far above David Cameron's target of tens of thousands.

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/25/world/europe/uk-migration.html

Brexit Promised Control of U.K. Migration. Now Numbers Have Surged. Net migration to Britain has exceeded 600,000 a year, stirring tensions in a government that promised to stem arrivals. When Britain voted in 2016 to leave the European Union, Brexit campaigners promised to “take back control” of the country’s frontiers with stricter policies that many Britons assumed would cause immigration numbers to fall. In 2022 the figures climbed to a new high, according to official data released on Thursday, an unwelcome record for a government that is divided internally over how to manage migration policy more than two years after Brexit gave it power to control who enters the country legally.

 

https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/news/eaes-i-kitay-razvivayut-strategicheskoe-partnerstvo/

EAEU and China develop strategic partnership.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War

The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between France and Vi?t Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 21 July 1954.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War

The Sino-Vietnamese War (also known by other names) was a brief conflict that occurred in early 1979 between China and Vietnam. China launched an offensive ostensibly in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge. The conflict lasted for about a month, with China withdrawing its troops in March 1979.

 

East West and Beyond

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/poorest-countries-in-europe

In 2020, Ukraine was Europe's poorest country, followed by Georgia and Kosovo.

 

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ua/Documents/tax/GES%20Brochure%20EN%20-%20personal%20income%20tax%20and%20tax%20return_0224.pdf

... the provisions of the Treaty for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (provided there is an effective Treaty between Ukraine and the respective second state)

 

Remittances

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora

The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in Canada and other countries such as Poland, the United States, the UK and Brazil.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis

Over 6 million refugees fleeing Ukraine are recorded across Europe, while an estimated 8 million others had been displaced within the country by late May 2022.

 

https://bank.gov.ua/admin_uploads/article/Remittances_Tucha_Warsaw_pr_2023-11-27.pdf

Over the last 20 years, remittances in Ukraine have grown more than tenfold and become a substantial source of foreign currency inflows.

 

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/05/11/remittances-to-reach-630-billion-in-2022-with-record-flows-into-ukraine

Remittances to Ukraine, which is the largest recipient in Europe and Central Asia, are expected to rise by over 20 percent in 2022.

 

https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/diaspora-organizations-and-their-humanitarian-response-ukraine

Recent estimates put the size of the Ukrainian diaspora at some 7 million, although other estimates consider 12-20 million to be more realistic. There are approximately 1,000 Ukrainian diaspora organizations around the world.

 

Exports

https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/how-ukraines-war-torn-steel-industry-has-transformed/

In 2023, Ukraine’s total iron ore exports fell to 17.75 million tonnes, down by 26% from 22.37 million tonnes in 2022, according to the data from Ukraine’s State Customs Service. The 2023 total was also down by 60% from 28.4 million tonnes tonnes in 2021 – the year preceding Russia’s invasion ... In terms of semi-finished steel, Ukraine’s exports dropped to 1.2 million tonnes in 2023, down by 36.7% compared with 2022’s 1.64 million tonnes and down 82.2% from 2.19 million tonnes in 2021, according to the State Customs Service data.

 

https://thedefensepost.com/2024/01/11/ukraine-producing-drones-state/

The number of state-contracted drone manufacturers rose to over 40 last year from less than a dozen a year before, Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal said in July. By November, the number rose to 200, according to Minister of Digital Transformation Mykhailo Fedorov.

 

https://thediplomat.com/2024/12/philippines-china-again-clash-at-two-disputed-south-china-sea-shoals/

Scarborough Shoal has long been a subject of dispute. Despite lying within the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone, the feature has been under Chinese control since a protracted stand-off between the two countries in 2012.

 

https://www.freightwaves.com/news/plans-to-disable-pirate-motherships-discussed

With frustration over Somalia piracy increasing, shipping executives are discussing whether naval forces should disable vessels as they are hijacked to prevent them from being used as 'mother ships' from which attacks can be launched further offshore. 'One idea is to use floating nets to disable the propeller because that way you can easily recover the vessel as soon as the pirates are off the ship' ...

 

https://www.worldstopexports.com/switzerlands-top-10-exports/

From a continental perspective, 44.8% of Switzerland exports by value was delivered to fellow European countries while 35.5% was sold to importers in Asia. Switzerland shipped another 16.6% worth of goods to buyers in North America ... Given Switzerland’s population of 8.81 million people, its total $420.1 billion in 2023 exports translates to roughly $47,700 for every resident in the central European nation.

 

Foreign Direct Investments

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57251681

After years of talks, Switzerland has scrapped efforts aimed at agreeing an over-arching treaty with the EU.

 

Gateways

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/european-union-confirms-its-cooperation-priorities-partners-around-world-are-fit-purpose-and-2024-11-04_en

The mid-term review enhances the implementation of the EU Global Gateway strategy. It embodies the ongoing shift towards mutually beneficial partnerships ... The EU continues to fully engage in fragile and conflict-affected countries through tailored partnerships to address the drivers of fragility and instability.

 

https://www.kuow.org/stories/how-putin-conquered-russia-s-oligarchy

... The oligarchs who ... undermined Putin would be thrown into a Siberian prison or be forced into exile or die in suspicious circumstances.

 

Tariffs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_tariff

A common external tariff (CET) must be introduced when a group of countries forms a customs union. The same customs duties, import quotas, preferences or other non-tariff barriers to trade apply to all goods entering the area, regardless of which country within the area they are entering. It is designed to end re-exportation; but it may also inhibit imports from countries outside the customs union and thereby diminish consumer choice and support protectionism of industries based within the customs union. The common external tariff is a mild form of economic union but may lead to further types of economic integration.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union

There are no tariffs or non-tariff barriers to trade between the members of the customs union and – unlike a free-trade area – members of the customs union impose a common external tariff on all goods entering the union. The European Commission negotiates for and on behalf of the Union as a whole in international trade deals, rather than each member state negotiating individually. It also represents the Union in the World Trade Organization and any trade disputes mediated through it.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union#Customs_Union_and_Four_Economic_Freedoms

The core objective of the Single Economic Space is the development of a single market and achieving the "four freedoms", namely the free movements of goods, capital, services and people within the single market. The four freedoms came into effect on 1 January 2015 (the day the Eurasian Economic Union was officially established).

 

PICTORIAL