REFERENCE: The Definition of Engaged Neutrality (Part II)

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The following references are associated with The CURD Plan: » The Plan » Point 17: The Engaged Neutrality » The Definition of Engaged Neutrality

NARRATIVE

https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-21-23/h_56ac6ab304b3fd35564763c10ec8768b

Belarus has renounced its neutrality and removed the wording on its non-nuclear status in light of external threats, a senior official said this week, as the threat of atomic arsenal held by Russia and its allies looms over the war in Ukraine.

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Permanent Neutrality With Value Proposition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland

The French invasion of Switzerland (German: Franzoseneinfall) occurred from January to May 1798 as part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum

Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Adolf Hitler made repeated assurances that Germany would respect Swiss neutrality in the event of a conflict in Europe. In February 1937, he assured the Swiss Federal Councillor Edmund Schulthess that "at all times, whatever happens, we will respect the inviolability and neutrality of Switzerland" ... With the 11 German divisions and roughly 15 more Italian divisions prepared to enter from the south, the Axis plans were to invade Switzerland with somewhere between 300,000 and 500,000 men.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism

Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also non-German Germanic-speaking peoples – in a single nation-state known as the Greater Germanic Reich.

 

https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/nazis-never-invade-switzerland.html

Above all, Switzerland bought German spoils of war in the form of confiscated securities and the gold belonging to the occupied countries’ central banks. The Swiss helped transform almost four-fifths of all German gold into highly convertible Swiss Francs. As a result, Germany was able to buy strategic raw materials from Spain and Portugal.

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Armed Neutrality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland

Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in peace building ... During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned.

 

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swiss-govt-rejects-request-spain-allow-it-re-export-anti-aircraft-guns-ukraine-2023-02-10/

Switzerland has rejected a request from Spain to allow it to re-export Swiss-made anti-aircraft guns to Ukraine, the Bern government said on Friday.

 

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-vital-switzerland-allow-re-export-weapons-ukraine-2023-06-15/

Neutral Switzerland has a long-standing policy of barring any country that buys its arms from re-exporting them to parties in a conflict. In November last year it imposed an embargo on Swiss munitions being sent to either Russia or Ukraine.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Redoubt_%28Switzerland%29

The Swiss National Redoubt is a defensive plan developed by the Swiss government beginning in the 1880s to respond to foreign invasion.

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61320132

Ukraine war sees Swiss challenge their age-old neutrality.

 

https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/the-cost-of-neutrality-swiss-defense-industry-just-losing-our-market-amid-ukraine-conflict/

Under pressure from local industry and international allies, the Swiss government is considering measures to relax its rules on the re-export of arms.

 

https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/why-did-costa-rica-really-abolish-its-military/

... The military were front and center in the country’s political life. So that made it all the more momentous when on December 1, 1948, the then-leader of the governing junta, José Figueres Ferrer, issued a declaration abolishing the armed forces.

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NAM-Principled Neutrality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South

Countries that are developed are considered as Global North countries, while those developing are considered as Global South countries. The term as used by governmental and developmental organizations was first introduced as a more open and value-free alternative to "Third World" and similarly potentially "valuing" terms like developing countries. Countries of the Global South have been described as newly industrialized or are in the process of industrializing, and are frequently current or former subjects of colonialism.

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Engaged Neutrality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_Knot

The cutting of the Gordian Knot is an Ancient Greek legend associated with Alexander the Great in Gordium in Phrygia, regarding a complex knot that tied an oxcart. Reputedly, whoever could untie it would be destined to rule all of Asia. In 333 BC Alexander was challenged to untie the knot. Instead of untangling it laboriously as expected, he dramatically cut through it with his sword, thus exercising another form of mental genius.

 

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-idUSL0179714620080403/

April 4, 2008 - Putin has criticized NATO for expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Few had dared predict the mood of the Putin encounter after NATO vowed that former Soviet Ukraine and Georgia would one day be members, without putting them on an immediate path to entry.

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/12/17/1065111430/russia-demands-ukraine-and-other-ex-soviet-republics-be-barred-from-joining-nato

Moscow is asking for NATO to abandon all military activities, not just in Ukraine, but also Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It's asking NATO not to establish a new military bases on the territory of the former Soviet states and for NATO to guarantee it'll block future membership for any former Soviet republics. So we're talking Ukraine and Georgia not making it into the alliance.

 

https://www.businessinsider.com/why-russia-is-attacking-ukraine-putin-justification-for-invasion-2022-2

Putin has criticized NATO for expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. He has said NATO enlisting nations on Russia's borders represents a provocation, though NATO insists it is a defensive alliance and not a threat to Russia. In a speech Thursday morning, Putin said the invasion of Ukraine was an act of self-defense against NATO expansion.

 

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/16/mapping-where-every-country-stands-on-the-russia-ukraine-war

One way of knowing where a country stands politically is by looking at how they vote at the United Nations ... Countries that voted against all resolutions (4 countries): Belarus, North Korea, Russia, Syria.

 

https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/whos-still-buying-russian-fossil-fuels-in-2023/

While Russia’s revenues from fossil fuel exports have declined significantly since their peak in March of 2022, many countries are still importing millions of dollars a day worth of fossil fuels from Russia. Revenue from fossil fuels exported to the EU has declined more than 90% from their peak, but in 2023 the bloc has still imported more than $18 billion of crude oil and natural gas so far.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list

Following the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 and international sanctions imposed against Russia, the list has since been expanded to 49 states. All G7 member states and all 27 European Union member states are on the list.

 

https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/22/india/india-us-china-russia-relations-intl-hnk/index.html

What a difference a few weeks make. Just last month India was taking flak from the West for its relationship with Russia. Not only was the South Asian country refusing to condemn Moscow’s brutal assault on Ukraine, but its purchases of discounted Russian oil – said critics – were flying in the face of sanctions aimed at crippling the Kremlin’s finances.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union

The only union generally recognised as having achieved the status of a supranational union is the European Union.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization

An international organization, also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is an organization that is established by a treaty, or is an instrument governed by international law and possessing its own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and NATO.

 

https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-president-signs-constitutional-amendment-on-nato-eu-membership/29779430.html

February 19, 2019 - Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has signed a constitutional amendment committing the country to becoming a member of NATO and the European Union.

 

https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukraine-russia-nato-1.6903651

Jul 11, 2023 - NATO leaders opened the door a bit wider for Ukraine on Tuesday by offering it an accelerated path to membership and continued support while it's at war with Russia. The decision by the 31-nation military alliance falls short of the clear pathway with timelines for acceptance that the government of President Volodomyr Zelenskyy has been demanding.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace

The Partnership for Peace (PfP; French: Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 19 states are members.

 

PICTORIAL